The Impact of Past Experiences on Personality Development

The Foundation of Social Behaviorism

Herbert Mead posited that the self develops only through social interactions. He suggested that without these interactions, personality development is stunted—a phenomenon evident in cases where children experience prolonged isolation. Mead's theory emphasizes the role of society in shaping individuals, contrasting with biological determinism which attributes personality formation to genetic factors.

Key Concepts of Mead's Theory:

• Social Interaction: Essential for the development of self.
• Symbolic Exchange: The interpretation of symbols and language as part of communication.
• Role Taking: The ability to assume the perspective of others, which is crucial for predicting their actions and reactions.

The Looking-Glass Self

Another relevant concept is the looking-glass self, introduced by Charles Horton Cooley, which complements Mead's views. It suggests that individuals form their self-image based on how they believe others perceive them. This mirroring effect highlights the significance of societal feedback in self-conceptualization.

Influence of Family and Socialization

Sociologists agree that family plays a pivotal role in an individual's early socialization. From infancy, family interactions teach trust, culture, and beliefs. However, environmental factors and broader social contexts also contribute significantly to socialization. For instance, a survey by the National Opinion Research Center (2003) revealed that lower socioeconomic classes in the U.S. tend to emphasize obedience in their children, while upper classes prioritize creativity and judgment. This difference aligns with the demands and values of their respective occupational roles.

Educational Impact and Peer Influence

Schooling also profoundly affects personality development. Children spend considerable time in educational settings where they encounter peer groups that further influence their social development. These groups provide a platform for escaping adult supervision and allow for more candid interactions. During adolescence, peer influence peaks as young individuals begin to see themselves more as adults and less as extensions of their parents.

Gender Differences in Socialization:

• Play Preferences: Boys often engage in physical and abstract activities like video games, whereas girls typically prefer artistic pursuits.
• Academic Choices: In higher education, a gender divide is apparent with boys gravitating towards physical sciences and computing, and girls towards humanities and arts.

Media's Role in Personality Shaping

The influence of mass media, especially television, has been a concern for its potential to passivize viewers and diminish creativity. Americans, who own more TV sets per household and spend more time watching TV than any other nation, are particularly exposed to this influence.

Conclusion

Herbert Mead's social behaviorism and subsequent theories provide a comprehensive look at how social interactions and societal expectations shape individual personalities. From family dynamics to educational environments and media influences, it is clear that personality is a complex interplay of various social factors. Understanding these can help in addressing social and psychological issues more effectively.

For further reading on social behaviorism and its impacts, reputable sources such as the American Sociological Association provide extensive research and discussion.