Complete Information on Alkaptonuria with Treatment and Prevention

Alkaptonuria is an uncommon inherited hereditary disorder of tyrosine metabolism. Alkaptonuria is more popular in sure areas of slovakia and in the dominican republic. Mutations in the homogentisate oxidase gene reason alkaptonuria. The homogentisate oxidase gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called homogentisate oxidase. This enzyme helps fracture downward the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, which are significant construction blocks of proteins. Because alkaptonuria is autosomal recessive, a household bloodline, in all likelihood, reveals no new affected individuals. However, because many individuals are asymptomatic, the reduced frequency of stricken household members may be payable to a deficiency of ascertainment. Although unproved, the deposition of polymer is assumed to too induce an incendiary reaction that results in calcium deposition in affected joints.

This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. Alkaptonuria itself is asymptomatic, but the sclera of the eyes may be pigmented and the skin is darkened in sun-exposed areas as well as around sweat glands; sweat may be coloured brown. Urine may turn brown on standing, especially when left for a period of time. The main symptoms of alkaptonuria are due to the accumulation of homogentisic acid in tissues. In the joints this leads to cartilage damage, specifically in the spine and leading to low back pain at a young age in most cases, but also of the hip and shoulder. Valvular heart disease, mainly calcification and regurgitation of the aortic and mitral valves, may occur, and in severe and progressive cases valve replacement may be necessary.

Coronary artery disease may be accelerated in alkaptonuria. Males tend to have an earlier onset of arthritic symptoms with a greater degree of severity than females, although the reason for this difference is unclear. Vision is not usually affected, but pigmentation in the white part of the eye is evident in most patients by their early forties. The teeth, central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and endocrine organs also may be affected. Like most genetic diseases, alkaptonuria itself cannot be prevented, but some of the manifestations, such as arthritis, can be minimized by treatment. The condition does not cause developmental delay or cognitive impairment and lifespan of affected individuals is generally not reduced.Some of the symptoms of Alkaptonuria may be controlled with treatment.

The diagnosis of alkaptonuria needs to be suspected before diagnostic examination can be performed, using newspaper chromatography and slim bed chromatography. Both blood plasma and urine can be used for diagnosis. No handling mode has been unambiguously demonstrated to cut the complications of alkaptonuria. Commonly recommended treatments include dietary restraint of phenylalanine and tyrosine and big doses of ascorbic acid. Dietary restraint may be efficient in children, but benefits in adults have not been demonstrated. Some patients gain from high-dose vitamin C. This has been shown to fall the construct upward of brown pigment in the cartilage and may decelerate the growth of arthritis. Hip, shoulder, or knee multilateral successor may be needed.