Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a land of stark contrasts and rich cultural heritage, nestled in the heart of Western Africa. Sharing borders with Algeria to the north, Niger to the east, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast to the south, Guinea to the southwest, and Senegal and Mauritania to the west, Mali's vast expanse covers approximately 1,240,000 square kilometers. With a population of around 19.1 million as of 2020, according to the World Bank, Mali ranks as the 24th largest country globally, comparable in size to South Africa. The nation's terrain is predominantly flat, with the majority of its landmass lying south of the Sahara, shaping a hot, dust-laden Sudanian savanna zone. Mali's climate is characterized by high temperatures, sporadic rainfall, and frequent droughts. The rainy season spans from June to December, often bringing about extensive river flooding.
Mali is endowed with significant natural resources, including gold—which accounts for the majority of its export revenue—phosphates, salt, kaolinite, limestone, and uranium. However, the exploitation of these resources has led to environmental concerns such as deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, and inadequate potable water supplies. According to the United Nations Environment Programme, Mali's environmental issues are exacerbated by climate change, affecting the livelihoods of its predominantly agricultural population.
The country is divided into eight regions and one capital district, each overseen by a governor. These regions are further subdivided into 703 communes, 49 cercles, and 288 arrondissements. Local city councils hold the authority to elect mayors. The regions include Sikasso, Tombouctou, Koulikoro, Mopti, Gao, Kidal, and Kayes, with Bamako serving as the capital district.
Mali operates under a legal democracy, guided by the constitution established on January 12, 1992, and later amended in 1999. The President, elected for a five-year term, wields executive power as both the head of state and the Commander-in-Chief, with the authority to appoint the Prime Minister, who in turn selects the Council of Ministers. Mali's judiciary is anchored by the Supreme Court, which possesses both judicial and administrative functions.
Mali's foreign relations have evolved significantly since 2002, with improved ties to Western nations and the United States. The country maintains a longstanding, robust relationship with France and actively participates in regional organizations such as the African Union. Mali's foreign policy emphasizes resolving regional conflicts, particularly in nations like Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Ivory Coast.
The Malian military, comprising land and air forces, faces challenges due to inadequate weaponry and equipment. Efforts toward rationalization and modernization are ongoing to enhance its capabilities.
Islam is the predominant religion in Mali, with approximately 95% of the population adhering to the faith, while Christians constitute about 5%. The nation grapples with health issues stemming from poverty, insufficient hygiene, and sanitation. Education is free and compulsory until the age of 12, yet challenges remain in ensuring universal access and quality.
In conclusion, Mali is a country of diverse landscapes, rich resources, and cultural depth. Despite facing environmental, social, and political challenges, it remains a key player in the regional dynamics of Western Africa. For more detailed information on Mali's geography and demographics, the CIA World Factbook provides a comprehensive overview. To explore Mali's environmental policies and initiatives, refer to the United Nations Environment Programme.
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