Before The Federal Reserve

Between 1832 in 1914, the United States operated without a central bank. During this time individual banks that issued the possible liabilities and banknotes largely created the nation's money supply. Banknotes for formal bank IOUs that looked and functioned like our present-day currency but were obligations of individual banks.
A banknotes issued by Canal Bank in New Orleans would have looked similar to the banknotes that we have today but there was a problem with the confidence in banknotes issued by unknown banks. The banknotes served as money to people who borrowed from banks or deposited money with them. Since banknotes were IOUs of individual banks they carry the default risk of the bank that issued them. Even the best forex trading markets would have had an impossible time operating under these conditions.
If a bank was viewed as too risky, their banknotes were exchanged in the market at a discount to their face value so people would have to offer more money if they wanted to buy goods with risky banknotes. For example if you have a banknotes from a sound and well-managed bank like Wells Fargo Bank, an item priced at a dollar would cost a dollar. But if you try to make a purchase with banknotes issued by a bank that dealt in risky real estate developments it might take a dollar 25 worth of that bank's note to make the same purchase. And if you present a banknotes from a bank that was about to fail, no one would take the bank's notes for purchases unless they did not know any better.
similar to the forex trading tips that we received today business owners would receive advanced information on the financial status of different banks to help manage the risk in accepting banknotes. this was quite difficult when the only means of communication was the newspaper and telephone.