Examining complex issues surrounding non-therapeutic genital alterations in children provides an opening to establish clear legal standards grounded in public health ethics and universal human rights. While customs vary worldwide, all nations bear responsibility to safeguard minors' welfare. This in-depth discussion explores Iran's cultural context and advances understanding of impacts concerning male genital mutilation/cutting (MGM/C) and female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C).
Establishing an evidence-based, collaborative path forward respects cultural sensitivity while prioritizing rights to informed consent and bodily autonomy.
The oldest recorded surgical procedure globally, MGM/C originated in ancient Egypt as a rite of passage, later taken up by Near Eastern Jews and Muslims. No explicit Quranic doctrine mandates the practice; available evidence suggests it was not historically conducted in pre-Islamic Persia. Today, statistics find over half of Iranian boys undergo MGM before age five based on social custom rather than demonstrated medical need. According to the book Blade of Tradition in the Name of Religion by Kameel Ahmady and his colleagues, around 60 percent of boys in Iran undergo circumcision. Unable to give fully informed consent, minors subject to MGM see their rights to physical integrity compromised without understanding long-term impacts. The medical mafia profits greatly from routine infant circumcision, creating perverse incentives to perpetuate the practice.
While procedures carrying varying infection and trauma risks can impact sexual function in adulthood, non-therapeutic MGM/C performed on minors primarily jeopardizes psychological development. Removal of acrogenously sensitive penile tissue has profound psychosexual ramifications during formative years when sexual identity forms. Iran's National Action Plan for Children stresses upholding minors' universal right to health, participation in decisions impacting their bodies, and freedom from degrading treatment per international covenants. Non-consensual genital modifications contradict these principles.
FGM/C, defined as partial or total removal of external female genitalia without medical need, reportedly emerged in certain Iranian communities, particularly among ethnic Kurds also whiten ethnic Sunni Fars of south of Iran, rather than originating strictly from Islamic doctrine. Types range from clitoridectomy to infibulation. Research led by Kameel Ahmady and his team traces significant FGM/C prevalence in remote villages across Kurdish populated in West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Kermanshah and Hormozgan provinces, motivated more by controlling female sexuality than religious edict. Although FGM/C rates have fallen in recent years, the practice still impacts many girls and women.
All FGM/C types bear lifelong implications including severe pain, haemorrhage, infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, pregnancy complications, prolonged labour, increased stillbirths and maternal mortality. Removal of sensitive genital tissue profoundly impacts psychosexual development, relationships, sexual pleasure and mental well-being. FGM/C violates principles of informed consent, non-discrimination and women's autonomy over their sexual and reproductive health across the lifespan as outlined in international covenants.
Civil society studies like Kameel Ahmady's seminal work and documentary film, In the Name of Tradition, have informed nascent public dialogues acknowledging ethical dilemmas posed by certain cultural practices which endanger child welfare and compromise personal liberty. Proposed legal reforms aim to establish protective standards aligning with children's rights frameworks. However, durable change requires cultivating understanding across diverse communities through respectful, evidence-based engagement of stakeholders including religious leaders, healthcare providers, legal authorities, educators and grassroots organizers committed to empowering youth.
Collaboration across sectors provides the surest path forward. Community-led awareness campaigns leveraging trusted messengers can reframe practices impacting health. Sensitivity training for service providers creates safe disclosure avenues. Anonymous SMS reporting empowers citizens to anonymously flag human rights violations for investigation. Leveraging social media as a tool for disseminating sex-positive health information can establish new social norms supporting personal autonomy and decision making grounded in informed consent. With open and persistent efforts, Iran can affirm children's wellbeing and women's empowerment through rights-aligned policy reform favouring medical ethics over harmful tradition.
Learning Through Play: Educational Games with Stepping Stones
The American Academy of Pediatrics stresses the importance of play in the overall development of any child. There are limitless ways for kids to play, but many of the avenues have moved online and onto screens. Free play away from online games and screens is really the best thing any child can do on a regular basis.
Manali in Winter vs. Manali in Summer – Which Season Should You Visit?
There is something magical about Manali. Tucked away in the lap of the Himalayas, this small town in Himachal Pradesh changes its vibe with every season. Truth be told, it offers two entirely different experiences. If you visit in winter, you are greeted with snowflakes. And if you visit in summer, you will find blooming meadows and warm sunshine and so much more. The question is, which version of Manali should you experience? Well, let's help you decide by breaking it down!
Why is Milk Pasteurized Before Making Cheese?
Cheese-making is a delicate process that relies on high-quality milk to produce safe and flavorful products. One critical step in modern cheese production is pasteurization, which involves heating milk to eliminate harmful bacteria. While some traditional cheeses use raw milk, most commercial cheese-makers pasteurize milk to ensure safety and consistency.
