Spinosad, a naturally derived insecticide, has gained significant traction in agricultural and public health sectors due to its efficacy against a wide range of pests. Since its approval in the United States for mosquito control in 2004, spinosad has been increasingly utilized on various crops such as cotton, fruits, vegetables, tea, tobacco, and grains. Although not yet approved for storage pests and livestock parasites, extensive research indicates its potential in these areas. Spinosad's high insecticidal activity, particularly against resistant lepidopteran larvae, positions it as a promising alternative to traditional pesticides, offering a blend of efficiency, low toxicity, and minimal residue concerns.
Spinosad has demonstrated superior control over pests like lepidoptera, diptera, thysanoptera, and coleoptera. Its effectiveness against lepidopteran larvae is noteworthy, often surpassing organophosphorus, carbamate, and cyclopentadiene insecticides, and matching pyrethroid efficacy. Research trials using spinosad against pests such as the diamondback moth have shown that a 2.5% suspension concentrate can significantly impact 2-4 instar larvae. While spinosad lacks ovicidal activity, it is highly lethal to newly hatched larvae, providing a protective effect for up to 10 days.
Studies also highlight spinosad's effectiveness against rice stem borers, rice planthoppers, spodoptera, and diamondback moths. Beyond lepidoptera, spinosad combats pests like western flower thrips, western cherry fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, South American fruit fly, onion maggot, and carmine spider mites (US EPA).
Storage pests can cause significant damage to harvested crops, inventory goods, and archival materials. Traditional chemical pesticides, such as phosphine and sulfuryl fluoride, pose health risks due to their toxicity and residue. Spinosad emerges as a safer alternative, effectively controlling pests like the Indian meal moth, tribolium castaneum, lesser grain borer, and rice weevil. Its activity varies across different pest species, but it has shown promise in protecting stored goods from infestation.
Mosquitoes and flies, vectors of infectious diseases, have historically been managed with chemical controls, transitioning from organophosphates and carbamates to pyrethroids. However, resistance to these pesticides is a growing concern. Spinosad's unique mode of action and low cross-resistance potential make it an attractive option for managing hygiene pests (CDC).
Livestock parasites can affect the yield and quality of animal products and potentially spread harmful bacteria. Spinosad has shown effectiveness against sheep myiasis caused by Lucilia spp. and holds potential for broader use in controlling livestock parasites due to its low toxicity and biodegradability.
Spinosad's diverse applications and research progress suggest a bright future for this biopesticide. Its ability to address pest resistance, coupled with its environmental and health safety profile, positions it as a valuable tool in integrated pest management strategies. As research continues, spinosad is poised to play a crucial role in sustainable agriculture and public health.
For more detailed information on spinosad and its applications, visit the National Pesticide Information Center.
The application of tungsten in various industries
Steel Industry Most of tungsten applied in the production of special steels. The widely used high-speed steel was containing 9-24% of tungsten, 3.8-4.6% of chromium, 1-5% of vanadium, 4-7% of cobalt, 0.7-1.5% of carbon.
Magic effects of coconut oil
According to records, coconut oil can be regarded as the nobility of skin care plant extracts. It was rich in exotic tension of tropical plants, which can enhance the contractile force of the pores, perfectly beautify and nourish the skin.
The development trends of aloe vera extract in the international market
Aloe is a kind of perennial Liliaceae succulent herbaceous plant, originated inAfrica, belonging to tropical plant. The cultivation of aloe can be both in the open field and greenhouse.
