Serial and mass killers often evoke images of monstrous, incomprehensible beings, but beneath the surface, they are human, albeit with severe personality disorders like narcissism or psychopathy. This article delves into the psychological makeup of these individuals, exploring the factors that differentiate them from the rest of society and the complex interplay of genetics and environment in shaping their behaviors. We'll also examine the societal fascination with evil and how it reflects on our own dark sides.
Research and clinical observations have consistently pointed to a strong presence of personality disorders among serial and mass killers. According to the American Psychiatric Association, personality disorders such as Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), and Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) are prevalent in these individuals. APD, in particular, is found in a significant proportion of serial killers, with studies suggesting that around 40% of serial killers may have this disorder (Hare, 1996).
The critical difference between serial killers and the general population lies in impulse control and empathy. While most people experience aggressive or sexual thoughts, they are typically context-dependent and do not lead to harmful actions. Serial killers, however, act on these impulses in socially unacceptable ways. Their lack of empathy, a hallmark of both NPD and APD, prevents them from appreciating their victims' perspectives, leading to objectification and dehumanization.
The term "evil" is not a clinical descriptor but a moral judgment that varies across cultures. In the context of mental health, it is more accurate to discuss the behaviors and choices of individuals with personality disorders. Narcissists, for instance, may engage in harmful actions if they perceive a benefit, but they do not inherently prefer malevolent choices. Their actions are often expedient rather than a reflection of an innate "evil nature."
The allure of evil can be attributed to its ability to allow vicarious expression of our repressed, darker selves. However, evil is also perceived as mysterious and otherworldly, often described as monstrous or supernatural. This fascination is further fueled by the portrayal of evil as a form of entertainment, providing an escape from the monotony of everyday life and allowing us to feel a sense of moral superiority.
While some research suggests that criminal behavior may decrease with age, this trend does not necessarily apply to serial and mass killers. The age distribution among these offenders is skewed, as many are apprehended early in their criminal careers. However, there are instances of midlife or older individuals committing such crimes, indicating that the urges do not universally fade with age.
The debate over whether serial killers are shaped by their environment, genetics, or a combination of both remains unresolved. Twin studies and familial patterns suggest a significant genetic component, particularly in personality disorders like APD and Schizotypal Personality Disorder. For example, Livesley, Jackson, and Schroeder's research in 1993 indicated that 40 to 60% of certain personality traits could be attributed to genetics. However, the interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental factors is complex, and both play a role in the development of personality disorders.
Ultimately, serial and mass killers are human, not monsters. The unsettling truth is that the potential for violence exists within all of us, suppressed by societal norms and conditioning. It is the recognition of our shared humanity, however distorted in these individuals, that makes them both fascinating and horrifying.
In conclusion, while serial and mass killers may exhibit extreme forms of narcissism or psychopathy, they are not supernatural entities but rather individuals with severe psychological disturbances. Understanding the human aspects of these killers is crucial for both preventing such tragedies and providing justice for their victims.
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Encyclopedia Britannica is now online and as a DVD. The print edition has been discontinued.
Pears Cyclopaedia 2014-5 Edition: Human Knowledge Encapsulated
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